Dentitic Cell and Immune Networks Algorithm Comparison

Dentitic Cell and Immune Networks Algorithm Comparison A Comparative study of Dentitic cell and immune networks algorithm for Artificial immune networks. Jaspreet kaur, Kamal Kumar Abstract – Artificial immune systems are the systems used for advanced computational systems for the need of robust and secure functioning of computer systems. They are the systems inspired by the human immune systems in the human immunity save the body from external threats. We in this paper would be working on the networking branch of the AIS which is called Artificial immune networks which builds up an immunity in the network against the attacks. The accuracy, time analysis and a few other parameters are to be studied using two algorithms of Artificial immune networks. The two algorithms which we are taking in action will be immune networks algorithm and Dentritic cell algorithm. 1 INTRODUCTION An immune system, one of the most intricate biological sys-tems, has been used as a metaphor for intelligent computation in a variety of domains. Artificial Immune System (AIS) has been considered as a family of techniques originated from the community of immunology. As an important constituent of the AIS, the artificial immune networks are based on the principles of the behaviors of both B cells and T cells in the biological immune system. B cell is an integral part of the immune system. Through a process of recognition and stimulation, the B cells can clone and mutate to produce a diverse set of antibodies in an attempt to remove the infection from the body. T cell has two types. One regulates and con-trols the strength of the immune response, and the other di-rectly destroys the cells that have specific antigens. Both the B cells and T cells have been widely employed to solve a wide range of engineering problems, such as anomaly detection and data mining. This paper aims at giving a concise overview on the artificial immune network models including their theory, structures, and applications. Functions, principles and models, which can be applied to real world problems. According to the mechanis of DCs, the Dendritic cell Algorithm (DCA) has been put forward by Greensmith and successfully applied to a range of problems, particularly in the area of anomaly detection Compared with the classical AIS algorithms , the DCA has advantages of small calculations, strong recognition ability and few training samples, but it also hasthe defect that it will have promising detection accuracy onlyin ordered data sets, with the increasing of the disorder degree in data sets, the accuracy will reduce and the false positives and the false negatives will increase obviously. Experiments show that except some noise data most of the mistakes occur during the transition phases, this is because during a transition phase there is a small degree of confusion regarding temporally and spatially clustered antigens and DC may sample multiple antigens in different types of context. The Dendritic Cell Algorithm (DCA) is a second generation Artificial Immune System (AIS) algorithm. It is based on an abstract model of the function of dendritic cells and their ability to discriminate between healthy and infected tissue . As a context-aware anomaly detection algorithm, the DCA performs well in malware detection. Current research with this algorithm have suggested that the DCA shows not only excellent performance on detection rate, but also promise in assisting in reducing the number of false positive errors shown with similar systems. However, as the defenses evolve, so does the malware. The DCA distinguishes between normal and potentially malicious antigens on the basis of the concentration of danger signals they cause and neighboring antigens. This feature cabe exploited by crafty malware via mimicry attacks (such as blending with normal activities or mimicking normal behavior) to evade detection by the DCA . For example, some stealthy malware communicate with remote servers only when they detect user activities (such as requesting web pages). This reduces both the frequency and significance of malicious behavior, making the malware less active and more likely to avoid detection by the DCA. In , Gu et al. proposed an improvement for the DCA namely antigen multiplier to overcome the problem of ‘antigen deficiency’. As an additional function of the DCA, antigen multiplier can make several copies of each individual antigen which can be fed to multiple dendritic cells (DCs). Then the classification deci sion is averaged over the replicated population. The experimental results showed that antigen multiplier helped in improving the classification accuracy. But, as antigen multiplier copies every antigen it meets indifferently, it may show less resistance to mimicry attacks since the concentration of potentially malicious antigens is not increased. Similar to the inefficient detection to hidden and inactive malware by the DCA, biological immune system (BIS) also shows inefficiency when responds to some antigens. 2 LITERATURE REVIEW In this research paper [1] the author has analysed the immune theory and hopfied neural network (HNN), them proposing a new algorithm for multidimensional functionality. A group of solutions are collected for analyses using k means algorithm. Then later on the cluster is taken which is cluster centurions by k means algorithm. In this paper, by making use of the advantages of clustering analysis algorithm, HNN and ia, a new algorithm is proposed to solve the optimal problems of multimodal function with high dimensions. Simulation experiment proves that the new algorithm has much higher accuracy and shorter running time, compared with ia. Especially, at high dimensional function, the new algorithm has clearly advantage. In this paper[2], a novel multi-modal optimization algorithm, namely Dcopt-aiNet is proposed, which is based on biological immune network mechanism for global numerical optimization. Different from de Castro’s opt-aiNet algorithm, Dcopt-aiNet models cloning operation using dynamic cloning operation which is adopted from biological immune network mechanism. Based on the multi-modal benchmarks, experiments were carried out to compare the performance of Dcopt-aiNet with that of opt-aiNet. Experiment results show that when compared with the opt-aiNet method, the new algorithm is capable of improving search performance significantly in successful rate and convergence speed. In this paper [3] the author has proposed the the use of DCA for malwre detection. Artificial adjuvants increase immunogenicity of stealthy malware which speeds up the immunigenicity of them. This is how they improve the malware detection with help of DCA. Future work proposed in this paper is that the experiments need to evaluate their effects on enhancing the detection performance of dca. Further we need to better understand the mechanisms of immunological adjuvants can be beneficial to design more biologically. Lastly to make more diverse and more general algorithms. In this research paper[4] the algorithm is posed to only good in ordered data set but the results in the other cases are not considered to be great. In instances of different antigens, each instance is accesed and finally all the asessments made are taken into account. Proposed algorithm i.e. Mmdca brings up the nature of each multiplier and also it can be inferred that the false positives is higher, this is because the dca weights matrix used to calculate the semi and mat tends to mat. With the intrinsic properties of multimodal optimization problems, a multi-population artificial immune network algorithm (mopt-aiNet) is proposed to improve the performance of static and time-varing multimodal optimization problems by making use of biologic immune mechanism in this paper[5]. Compared with other immune network search methods, several novel operations such as multi-population dynamic hypermutation, asynchronous colony evolution, dynamic memory solutions management and a hill-valley exploring are designed which can speed up  searching the environment in an optimal way. Two other immune network algorithms are compared against mopt-aiNet by using static and dynamic benchmarks. Comparative analysis illustrates mopt-aiNet’s potential value. A bi-objective optimization model of power and power changes generated by a wind turbine is discussed in this paper[6]. The model involves two objectives, power maximization and power ramp rate (PRR) minimization. A new constraint for power maximization based on physics and process control theory is introduced. Data-mining algorithms were used to identify the model of power generation from the industrial data collected at a wind farm. The models and constraints derived from the data were integrated to optimize the power itself and the power variability, expressed as the power ramp rate. Due to the nonlinearity and complexity of the optimization model, an artificial immune network algorithm was used to solve it. The optimization results, such as computed operation strategies and the corresponding outputs, are demonstrated and discussed. In this paper [7] , the problem of finding the optimal collision free path, path planning for the case of a controllable mobile robot moving in a static environment filled with obstacles with known shape and size is studied. A path planner based on a hybrid memetic algorithm, Genetic Artificial Immune Network (GAIN), which provides near optimal collision free path is proposed. Genetic Artificial Immune Network is a hybrid memetic algorithm based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Artificial Immune Network (AIN) algorithm. The network cell structures are simple which makes the operators simple and results in a fast calculation with smaller number of cells. The results obtained from GAIN is compared with that of GA and GAIN is found to outperform. GA in terms of convergence speed and result obtained, making it a promising algorithm for solving the mobile robot path planning problem. 3 PROBLEM FORMULATION Adaptive immunity is directed towards specific invaders; either seen before or not previously encountered and gets modified by exposure to invaders. It mainly consists of lymphocytes (white blood cells, more specifically B and T type) that aid the process of recognizing and destroying specific substances, and are antigen-specific. Clonal Selection: Clonal selection theory was proposed by Burnet. The theory is used to explain basic response of adaptive immune system to antigenic stimulus. It establishes the idea that only those cells capable of recognizing an antigen will proliferate while other cells are selected against. Clonal selection operates on both B and T cells. B cells, when their antibodies bind with an antigen, are activated and differentiated into plasma or memory cells. Prior to this process, clones of B cells are produced and undergo somatic hyper mutation. As a result, diversity is introduced into the B cell population. Plasma cells produce antigen-specific antibodies that are work against antigen. Memory cells remain with the host and promote a rapid secondary response. Negative Selection :Negative selection is a mechanism to protect body against self-reactive lymphocytes. It utilizes the immune systems ability to detect unknown antigens while not reacting to the self cells. During the generation of T-cells, receptors are made through a pseudo-random genetic rearrangement process. Then, they undergo a censoring process in the thymus, called the negative selection. In this process, T-cells that react against self-proteins are destroyed and only those that do not bind to self-proteins are allowed to leave the thymus. These matured T-cells then circulate throughout the body performing immunological functions and protecting the body against foreign antigens. 4 OBJECTIVES 1. To study intuitively and understand the working of dentritic cell and immune networks technique in artificial immune systems. 2. To analyse the two above mentioned techniques on the basis of the following parameters:- A. Accuracy B. Response time C. Fittest cell level D. Immune memory strength. 3. Mathematical and graphical comparison between dentritic cell and immune networks. 5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ALGORITHM DESIGN ( Dentritic Cell ) Its principle is taken up from the original dentritic cell mechanism in the human body with which our human immune system works. It generally takes advantage of the remembering power of our body in which if our body if exposed to a certain infection remembers it prevents it from harming us in at least near future, it also may cause permanent prevention. ALGORITHM DESIGN ( Immune Networks ) Its principle is taken up from the immune network mechanism which does not have fixed idea for prevention of particular disease in all senses. It undoubted takes up a more robust way of finding the right vaccine or the attack example for actual prevention. 6 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Bar graph for less no of attacks Bar for all attacks Plot for less no. of attacks. Plot for all attacks. POINTS OF CONCLUSION The accuracy varies with no. of attacks. More the no. of attacks in DCT more is the accuracy. Accuracy in INT is not dependent on no. of attacks. Though the accuracy of the DCT is more but the response time of INT takes lead on DCT. In terms of response time INT is much better than DCT. DCT has time consuming behavior because of all internal processes which take place in it like updating memory cells and informing t cell etc. Memory strength of DCT improves with no. of attacks and it is status quo in INT. Fittest cell level show only local behavior of a part of the system having most immunity. In short term goals INT is preferable because its less time consuming and can act quick. Also its cheaper as no internal processes prevail. In long term goals DCT is preferred because of its stability. We need to have a really fast system to implement DCT because of its time consumption DCT is a central system because t cells keep record of all previous attacks and which is accessible to every part or ip in the network which makes DCT a central system. 7 REFERENCES [1] Ruiying Zhou, Qiuhong Fan, Mingjun Wei, â€Å"Solving for Multimodal Function with High Dimensions Base on Hopfield Neural Network and Immune Algorithm†, IEEE 2011 International Conference on Electronic Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology, Print ISBN- 978-1-61284-008-8, pp.3905-3908, 12-14 August 2011. [2] Shi Xu-hua, Zhu Yu-guang, â€Å"Dynamic Cloning based immune network Algorithm for multi-modal Optimization†, IEEE, Seventh International Conference on Natural Computation, 2011, Print ISBN- 978-1-4244-9953-3, pp.522-525. [3] Jun Fu, Huan Yang, â€Å"Introducing Adjuvants to Dendritic Cell Algorithm for Stealthy Malware Detection†, IEEE, Fifth International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design, 2012, Print ISBN- 978-0-7695-4811-1, DOI-10.1109/ISCID.2012.156, pp.18-22 [4] Song Yuan, Qi-juan Chen, â€Å"Dendritic Cell Algorithm for Anomaly Detection in Unordered Data Set†, 4th International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics, 2012, Print ISBN- 978-0-7695-4721-3, DOI-10.1109/IHMSC.2012.69, pp.249-252 [5] Shi Xuhua, Qian Fenq, â€Å"An Optimization Algorithm Based on Multi-population Artificial Immune Network†, IEEE, Fifth International Conference on Natural Computation, 2009, Print ISBN- 978-0-7695-3736-8, DOI-10.1109/ICNC.2009.574, pp.379-383 [6] Andrew Kusiak, Zijun Zhang, â€Å"Optimization of Power and its Variability with an Artificial Immune Network Algorithm†, IEEE, Print ISBN- 978-1-61284-788-7 [7] Antariksha Bhaduri, â€Å"A Mobile Robot Path Planning Using Genetic Artificial Immune Network Algorithm†, IEEE, World Congress on Nature and Biologically Inspired Computing, 2009, Print ISBN- 978-1-4244-5612-3, pp.1536-1539 [8] Yong Sun, Weigou Zhang, Meng Zhang, Dan Li, â€Å"Design on Neural Network Gain Scheduling Flight Control Law using a Modified PSO Algorithm based on Immune Clone Principle†, IEEE, Second International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation, 2009, Print ISBN- 978-0-7695-3804-4, DOI-10.1109/ICICTA.2009.70, pp.259-263 [9] Chung-Ming Ou, C.R. Ou, â€Å"Immunity Inspired Host-Based Intrusion Detection Systems†, IEEE, Fifth International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing, 2011, Print ISBN- 978-0-7695-4449-6, DOI-10.1109/ICGEC.2011.70, pp.283-286 [10] Maizura Mokhtar, Ran Bi, Jon Timmis, Andy M. Tyrrell, â€Å"A Modified Dendritic Cell Algorithm for On-line Error Detection in Robotic Systems†, IEEE, Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2009, Print ISBN- 978-1-4244-2959-2, pp.2055-2062 [11] Yunfeng Zhao, Yixin Yin, Dongmei Fu, Zhun Zhou, Ping Yin, Jia Wang, â€Å"Application of Improved Artificial Immune Network Algorithm to Optimization†, IEEE, 2008, Print ISBN- 978-1-4244-2386-6. [12] Zhonghua Li, Jianming Li, Jieyeing Zhou, â€Å"An improved artificial immune network for multimodal function optimization†, IEEE, The 26th Chinese Control and Decision Conference, 2014, Print ISBN- 978-1-4799-3707-3, DOI-10.1109/CCDC.2014.6852268, pp.766-771, May 31st – June 2nd 2014.

Appeasement Essay -- essays research papers

The 1920s had a good outlook towards peace, but near the end of the decade and throughout the 1930s signs of war were forming. Leaders arose in countries that were unsatisfied with the results of World War I. Germany, Italy, and Japan took aggressive actions, and neither the League of Nations nor the democratic countries were stopping them. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain suggested the policy of appeasement towards Hitler to keep peace. Europe moved closer to war as these actions were made. World War II had propelled with the lack of judgement by the League of Nations by continuous appeasing Hitler. September 3, 1939 was when the world plunged into World War II. The main reason for the cause of this war was the policy of appeasement. Before the war started, In October 1935, Mussolini ordered a massive invasion of Ethiopia. After Italy attacked, Haile Selassie, leader of Ethiopia, asked the League of Nations for help. In document 2, Haile Selassie, requested the League of Nations help stop the invasion and when the League’s response was ineffective he said, â€Å" God and history will remember your judgement†¦It is us today. It will be you tomorrow.† By now, Hitler came to power and was leading the Nazi’s in the Third Reich. They had also became the largest political party. In March 1935, the Fuhrer (Hitler) announced that Germany would not obey the restrictions of the Versailles Treaty. The League of Nations only issued a mild warning for the rebuilding of Germany’s a...

Black People and Dorothy Allison Essay

Race, class and gender have been a topic for most books that have been written. A lot of books talk about these topics because it is something most people face. Whether you’re at work and can’t get a promotion because of your gender, excluded from a place because of your class or hated because of your race. Know matter what you will be faced with one if these topics in your life time. Dorothy Allison’s Bastard out of Carolina deals with these issues in a very intriguing way. She uses them to keep the story flowing and keep the reader interested. In the novel BOC, Allison uses race, class and gender in a very stereotypical way. The story of Bone takes place in a time where race was a conservational topic. You can say America was split in two groups, the whites and blacks. If you were black life was not easy. Black people were discriminated against. Even though slavery was over the black nation was not accepted by the white people. Racism means Discrimination or prejudice based on race (2). This word was not really used in this book because the narrative was Bone, a white girl. When Bone would visit Aunt Alma’s apartment she would come to face black children. There and then is when the stereotypes of black people started. The grown up’s in Bone had nothing good to say about the niggers that lived by Aunt Alma. â€Å"Running off with a man’s children, living in the dirty place with niggers all around. My little girls having to go up those stairs past those nigger boys. My wife walking the street past those peckerwoods! † (Allison 89). The family really did not approve of Aunt Alma living around black people. They were thought to be dirty and uncivilized people. Black people were also thought to be stupid and worthless. Bone was young at the time and did not know what to think about them. But she did not feel the same as her elders. Instead she made friends with them and learned to like them. I think Allison is trying to show the innocence of a child. Most kids are caring and loving until they are taught to hate. Bone grew up in a poor family. They would be considered in today’s society as trailer trash. The stereotype of poor white folks was present in Bastard out of Carolina. Anne and Glen did not really have money so it was hard to support the kids. They basically lived with very little. They couldn’t settle down at one house so they moved from one run down house to another. A lot of the characters described in this book had a lot of resemblance to what we would consider a red neck. For instance Uncle Travis has a big Chevy. Bone says it was jacked up so high that it easily cradled little kids or pregnant woman (Allison 1). Almost all the boys in the family had trucks. That’s typical for a red neck. Bone describes the Boatwright men as rugged, kind of dirty strong boys. They loved to fight and drink beer. The Boatwright family was big which again stereotyped poor white families. Also poor people are known to have kids out of wedlock. That was the situation Bone was. She was born out of wedlock and she never knew who her father was. That is the significance of the title Bastard out of Carolina. Gender also played a big role in this novel by Dorothy Allison. The male and female gender played a very distinctive role. In the Boatwright family the men are thought to be the physically strong. They take care of the family. They get into fights and are feared by a lot of people in town. Women of that time were supposed to stay at home cook and clean. They were supposed to wait for their husbands and never talk back. But I think Allison reversed the stereotype about women by making the Boatwright women very different. Most of them had jobs and were supporting them self’s. Aunt Raylene and Aunt Alma were some of the girls that lived by themselves. The women were strong too and they stuck together. Another way gender played a role was the relationship between Anne and Glen. From all the Boatwright women Anne was the weakest one. In the relationship Glen basically controlled Anne. Every time he did something bad she would end up forgiving him. Even after she found out he has been beating Bone she forgave him. Glen had all the power and Anne couldn’t do anything because she loved him. Bastard out of Carolina faces issues about race, class and gender. Allison builds a world where all these issues are faced. Through the main character Bone, we see how race, class and gender affect her and her family. Race played a role when Bone meets black people for the first time and instead of judging them she became friend with them. The Boatwright’s social status is not the best but they are feared by the community. They are considered poor and red necks. The last big issue that is seen in BOC is gender. Allison changed things up by making the women in the family stronger and more independent than other women of that time. In the end I think Allison decided to stereotype race, class and gender to show us it makes things worse then they already are. Work Cited 2 entries found for racism. 2003. Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. 19 Feb. 2006 http://owl. english. purdue. edu/handouts/research/r_mla. html Allison Dorothy. Bastard out of Carolina. New York. Penguin Group. 1993.

Comparing and Contrasting Hannah Crafts and Edna Pontellier essays

Comparing and Contrasting Hannah Crafts and Edna Pontellier essays Throughout the years one has been searching for who they are, their identity. In both novels The Bondwomans Narrative by Hannah Crafts and The Awakening by Kate Chopin both Crafts and Mrs. Pontiteller were looking for who they were. Religion, society, and friends played a major role in search for their identity. Although obstacles were put in front of them, in the end they continued with their identity and searching for their freedom. Crafts a slave had obstacles of how she was physically and mentally enslaved. For Crafts its was more difficult to discover herself, on the other hand Mrs. Pontellier at liberty to search for herself, couldnt because she was enslaved by society. She couldnt express how she felt, because society didnt see it as womanly like. Comparing and contrasting both the Bondwomans Narrative and the Awakening, Craft is trying to escape physical and mental enslavement, as for Mrs. Pontellier tries to escape society, in order for both of them to discover. Their paths were different from each other, but hey were both looking for their identity. Craft born as a slave and she described how she hate it when she says I used to hate slavery born in a slave state, educated in a slave state, with slavery all the time before my eyes could see no beauties in the system.(BWN. pp.84). Crafts saw that she was physically enslaved but her mind wasnt She thought this is what she was a slave, and had to accept it no matter what. On the other hand, Mrs. Pontellier was enslaved by how society saw women who were married and had children. As the devoted wife of a man who worshipped her, she felt she would take her place, with a certain dignity in the world of reality, closing the portals forever behind her upon the realm of romance and dreams.(A.pp.33). She had to give up what she believed in. Society saw women as a person who took care of their children and husband, as a devoted...

Questions every artist should ask themselves essays

Questions every artist should ask themselves essays There are very few young people today who know what careers they want to pursue. A student should never close doors that might lead to something significant, but if she or he, has decent grades in art and have sustained intrest in art related activities, a career in art could be the right ticket. Contrary to popular belief, artists do not have terrible temperments,and mood swings. They do not necessarily spend their whole livesfighting for causes, dreaming, and well stariving. Art students wo ask themselves the following questions about their personalities may discover how suited they are to a career in the arts. Self-dicipline: Can you meet deadlines? Can you set goals for yourself? Achieve them? Can you motivate your self? Working: Do you like to work with your hands? Are you always trying to out do yourself? Are you willing to satart over again? Do you think about what you are working on, even when you are not working on it? Seeing: Are you aware of both the good and bad in all walks of life? Do bad designs make you angry? Are you constantly trying to get your friends to see something you think is off balance or wrong? Are you aware of colors and shapes and how they work with one another? Creativity: Do you come up with different ideas not always in the art field? Are you constantly trying to find new ways of expressing yourself? Do you find ways to appreciate art, even if it does not appeal to you at first glance? Are you always on the lookout for new and refreshing ideas? Working with Others: Can you truly accept criticism of others? Do you enjoy talking about your works of art with others? Do you enjoy other people? Can you truly praise the works of others? All of these questions can help students understand themselves a little better. These should all be considered, whenconsidering a career in the art field. ...

Corporate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Operations Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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